Discovering the Poplar Tree - Its Identification and Key Characteristics

The poplar tree, also known as the genus Populus, is a group of fast-growing deciduous trees that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. With over 35 different species, poplar trees can be found in various habitats, from wetlands and riverbanks to upland forests. These trees are easily recognizable due to their unique characteristics and have been an important part of human civilization for centuries.



One of the key features of poplar trees is their tall and slender stature, reaching heights of up to 100 feet or more. The trunk of a mature poplar tree is often straight and cylindrical, with a smooth bark that can vary in color from light gray to dark brown. The leaves of the poplar tree are typically triangular or heart-shaped, with serrated edges, and they flutter in the wind due to their long petioles.



In addition to their distinctive appearance, poplar trees have several notable characteristics. These trees are known for their rapid growth rate, with some species capable of growing up to 6 feet per year. This makes poplar trees a popular choice for reforestation projects and as a source of timber. The wood of the poplar tree is lightweight and relatively soft, making it easy to work with. It is commonly used for furniture, plywood, and paper production.



Poplar trees also have a unique ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. They are highly tolerant of flooding and can thrive in areas with poor drainage. This adaptability, combined with their fast growth and ability to stabilize soil, makes poplar trees an excellent choice for erosion control and land reclamation projects. Furthermore, poplar trees have been used in phytoremediation efforts, as they can absorb and accumulate pollutants from the soil, helping to clean up contaminated sites.

In conclusion, the poplar tree is a fascinating species that offers numerous benefits and uses. Its distinctive appearance, rapid growth, and adaptability make it a valuable asset in reforestation, timber production, and environmental restoration projects. Whether you come across a poplar tree in a forest or alongside a riverbank, take a moment to appreciate its beauty and the important role it plays in our natural world.



Identifying Poplar Trees: Leaves, Bark, and More

Identifying Poplar Trees: Leaves, Bark, and More

Poplar trees are easily recognizable due to their distinct leaves, bark, and other characteristics. By understanding these key identifiers, you can confidently identify poplar trees in your area.



Leaves

One of the most recognizable features of a poplar tree is its leaves. Poplar leaves are typically large and have a triangular or ovate shape. They have a smooth texture and are often glossy. The leaves are arranged alternately on the branches and have a long petiole. The margins of the leaves can be serrated or toothed, depending on the specific species of poplar.

Bark

The bark of a poplar tree can vary depending on the age of the tree. Young poplar trees usually have smooth bark that is light gray or greenish-gray in color. As the tree matures, the bark becomes rougher and develops deep furrows and ridges. The color of the bark also darkens to a darker gray or brown. The distinctive texture and color of poplar bark make it a useful identifier.



Shape and Size

Poplar trees are known for their tall and slender growth habit. They typically have a straight trunk that can reach impressive heights. The crown of the tree is often narrow and conical, with branches that spread out horizontally. The overall shape and size of a poplar tree can vary depending on the specific species, but these general characteristics are common among most poplars.



Catkins

Poplar trees produce catkins, which are long, cylindrical flower clusters. These catkins contain both male and female flowers. The male flowers produce pollen, while the female flowers develop into capsules that contain the tree's seeds. The presence of catkins during the spring is a clear indication that you are looking at a poplar tree.

Other Identifying Features

In addition to leaves, bark, shape, and catkins, there are other features that can help you identify a poplar tree. These include the tree's habitat, which is often near bodies of water such as rivers and streams. Poplars are also known for their rapid growth rate, with some species capable of growing several feet per year. The wood of poplar trees is lightweight and easy to work with, making it a popular choice for woodworking projects.



By familiarizing yourself with these identifying features, you can confidently identify poplar trees in your area and gain a greater appreciation for these beautiful and versatile trees.



What does poplar look like?

The poplar tree, also known as the aspen tree, is a deciduous tree that can grow to be quite tall, reaching heights of up to 100 feet. It has a slender trunk with smooth bark that can vary in color from light gray to dark greenish-gray. The bark often has distinctive diamond-shaped markings.

One of the most distinguishing features of the poplar tree is its leaves. The leaves are typically triangular or heart-shaped and have serrated edges. They are bright green in color during the spring and summer months, but turn a vibrant yellow in the fall before they eventually drop from the tree.



The poplar tree also produces catkins, which are long, hanging clusters of flowers. The catkins are typically green or yellow and appear in the spring. These flowers eventually give way to small, cotton-like seeds that are dispersed by the wind.



Overall, the poplar tree has a tall and slender appearance, with its straight trunk and narrow canopy. Its distinctive bark, triangular leaves, and hanging catkins make it relatively easy to identify in its natural habitat.

How do you identify poplar tree bark?

The bark of a poplar tree is one of its key identifying characteristics. Here are some key features to look out for when trying to identify poplar tree bark:

Color: The bark of a poplar tree is typically a light grayish-brown color. However, the color can vary depending on the specific species of poplar.
Texture: The bark of a poplar tree is often smooth and relatively thin. It may have a slightly rough or scaly texture, especially on older trees.
Patterns: The bark of a poplar tree can have distinctive patterns. Some species have vertical furrows or ridges, while others may have more random patterns or irregularly shaped patches.
Lenticels: Lenticels are small, raised pores on the surface of the bark that allow for gas exchange. Poplar tree bark often has numerous lenticels, which can appear as small dots or lines.

When trying to identify poplar tree bark, it can be helpful to compare it to images or descriptions of known poplar species. Additionally, considering other characteristics such as leaf shape and arrangement, tree height, and habitat can further aid in accurate identification.

What do the leaves on a poplar tree look like?

The leaves of a poplar tree are unique and easily recognizable. They are typically triangular or heart-shaped, with a pointed tip and a rounded base. The leaves have a smooth and glossy texture, making them easy to identify.

Poplar tree leaves are typically green in color, but they can vary in shade, ranging from light green to dark green. Some species of poplar trees have leaves that turn yellow or golden in the fall, adding a beautiful touch of color to the landscape.

One distinctive feature of poplar tree leaves is their serrated edges. The edges of the leaves are lined with small teeth-like structures, giving them a jagged appearance. These serrations help to distinguish poplar leaves from other tree species.

Another characteristic of poplar tree leaves is their size. They are generally large, measuring between 2 to 6 inches in length. This size contributes to the tree's ability to provide shade and create a dense canopy.

Overall, the leaves of a poplar tree are an important identifying feature. Their unique shape, color, serrated edges, and size make them easily distinguishable from other tree species.

What is unique about a poplar tree?

A poplar tree, belonging to the genus Populus, is a unique and fascinating type of tree that is known for its distinct characteristics and ecological importance. Here are some of the unique features of a poplar tree:

Fast Growth: A poplar tree is one of the fastest-growing trees in the world. It can reach a height of up to 100 feet in just a few decades, making it a popular choice for reforestation projects.
Deciduous Nature: Poplar trees are deciduous, which means they shed their leaves during the fall season. This process not only adds to the beauty of the tree but also allows it to conserve energy during the winter months.
Cotton-Like Seeds: One of the most unique features of a poplar tree is its cotton-like seeds. These seeds are surrounded by fine hairs that help them disperse in the wind, allowing for efficient reproduction and colonization.
Environmental Benefits: Poplar trees are known for their environmental benefits. They have a high carbon sequestration rate, meaning they can absorb and store large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate climate change. Additionally, their extensive root systems help stabilize soil, prevent erosion, and improve water quality.
Adaptability: Poplar trees are highly adaptable and can thrive in various climates and soil conditions. They are commonly found in areas with moist or wet soil, such as near rivers, streams, and wetlands. Their ability to tolerate different environments makes them an important species for ecological restoration and landscaping projects.

Overall, poplar trees are unique and valuable assets to our environment. Their rapid growth, deciduous nature, cotton-like seeds, environmental benefits, and adaptability make them a remarkable species worth exploring and conserving.

Different Types of Poplar Trees and Their Features

Different Types of Poplar Trees and Their Features

Poplar trees are a diverse group of deciduous trees that belong to the genus Populus. They are known for their rapid growth and their ability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. Here are some of the different types of poplar trees and their unique features:

  • White Poplar (Populus alba): This type of poplar tree is recognized by its distinctive white bark, which peels off in patches. White poplars have large, heart-shaped leaves with a silvery underside. They can grow up to 80 feet tall and are often planted as shade trees.
  • Black Poplar (Populus nigra): Also known as the Lombardy poplar, this tree is characterized by its tall, columnar shape and dark gray bark. Black poplars have diamond-shaped leaves that are dark green on top and light green underneath. They can reach heights of 100 feet and are commonly used as windbreaks.
  • Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides): This poplar tree gets its name from the way its leaves tremble in the slightest breeze. Trembling aspens have smooth, white bark and small, rounded leaves that turn golden yellow in the fall. They are widespread in North America and are often found in clonal colonies.
  • Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera): Balsam poplars are large trees with thick, grayish-brown bark that becomes deeply furrowed with age. They have triangular-shaped leaves with serrated edges and a resinous smell when crushed. These trees are commonly found in wetlands and along riverbanks.
  • Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): As the name suggests, Eastern cottonwoods have large, heart-shaped leaves that are densely covered in fine, cottony hairs. They have a tall, straight trunk and can grow up to 100 feet tall. Eastern cottonwoods are often found along rivers and streams.

Each type of poplar tree has its own unique characteristics and uses. Whether you're looking for a shade tree, a windbreak, or a tree for wetland areas, there is a poplar tree that can meet your needs.

Which are the types of poplar tree?

There are several types of poplar trees that are commonly found around the world. Here are some of the most popular ones:

1. Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): This type of poplar tree is native to North America and is known for its fast growth and large size. It has triangular-shaped leaves and produces fluffy cotton-like seeds.

2. White Poplar (Populus alba): Also known as the Silver Poplar, this tree is native to Europe and Asia. It has distinctive white bark and leaves with a silvery underside, giving it a unique appearance.

3. Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra 'Italica'): This poplar tree is known for its tall, columnar shape and fast growth. It is often planted as a windbreak or for ornamental purposes. The Lombardy Poplar is native to Europe and has deeply lobed leaves.

4. Black Poplar (Populus nigra): This species of poplar tree is native to Europe and western Asia. It has dark, furrowed bark and large, heart-shaped leaves. The Black Poplar is known for its ability to tolerate wet conditions and is often found near rivers and wetlands.

5. Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera): This poplar tree is native to North America and is commonly found in wetland areas. It has large, diamond-shaped leaves and produces a resin with a pleasant fragrance, thus giving it its name.

These are just a few examples of the different types of poplar trees that exist. Each type has its own unique characteristics and uses, whether it be for landscaping, timber production, or environmental purposes.

What is the difference between White Poplar and black poplar?

White Poplar (Populus alba) and black poplar (Populus nigra) are two distinct species of poplar trees that can be found in various parts of the world. While they may share some similarities in appearance, there are several key differences between these two species.

One of the main differences between White Poplar and black poplar lies in their bark. White Poplar has smooth, grayish-white bark that becomes rough and fissured with age. On the other hand, black poplar has dark gray to black bark that is deeply furrowed and ridged. This difference in bark texture and color can help in distinguishing between the two species.

Another noticeable difference is in their leaves. White Poplar has heart-shaped leaves with a silvery-white underside, which gives the tree its name. The leaves are often densely hairy when young, but become smoother as they mature. In contrast, black poplar has triangular or diamond-shaped leaves with a dark green color and a slightly serrated edge. The leaves of black poplar are typically less hairy compared to White Poplar.

Furthermore, the two species also differ in their habitat preferences. White Poplar is more adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and can be found in various habitats, including wetlands, riverbanks, and urban areas. Black poplar, on the other hand, is more restricted in its habitat requirements and is often found in riparian zones and floodplains.

When it comes to their ecological significance, black poplar is considered to be more valuable in terms of supporting biodiversity. It provides important habitat for various bird species and is a preferred host for several rare and endangered insects. White Poplar, on the other hand, is known for its rapid growth and ability to colonize disturbed areas.

In conclusion, while White Poplar and black poplar may share some similarities, such as their preference for moist habitats, they can be distinguished by their bark, leaves, and habitat preferences. Understanding these differences can help in accurately identifying and appreciating these two species of poplar trees.

Why is poplar so popular?

Poplar trees are widely popular due to their numerous desirable characteristics and versatile uses. Here are some reasons why poplar trees are a favored choice:

Fast Growth: The poplar tree is known for its rapid growth rate, making it an excellent choice for timber production and reforestation efforts.
Strong and Lightweight: Poplar wood is known for its strength and lightweight nature, making it ideal for various construction projects, including furniture, cabinets, and flooring.
Easy to Work With: Poplar wood is relatively easy to work with, allowing for smooth cutting, shaping, and finishing. This makes it a preferred choice for carpenters and woodworkers.
Attractive Appearance: The natural color of poplar wood ranges from pale yellow to light brown, often with streaks of green, purple, or gray. Its unique grain patterns and interesting color variations make it a visually appealing choice for woodworking projects.
Rot Resistance: Poplar wood has a natural resistance to decay and rot, making it suitable for outdoor applications such as fencing, decking, and siding.
Environmentally Friendly: Poplar trees are known for their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making them an eco-friendly choice for sustainable forestry and carbon sequestration.

Overall, the poplar tree's fast growth, strength, easy workability, attractive appearance, rot resistance, and environmental benefits contribute to its popularity among various industries and individuals.

Poplar Tree Care and Growth: What You Need to Know

Poplar Tree Care and Growth: What You Need to Know

Proper care is essential for the healthy growth and development of poplar trees. By understanding the specific needs of these trees, you can ensure they thrive in your garden or landscape. Here are some important factors to consider when caring for poplar trees:

1. Planting: Choose a suitable location for your poplar tree, making sure it has enough space to grow to its full size. Poplar trees prefer well-drained soil and full sun exposure.

2. Watering: Provide regular watering to newly planted poplar trees until they establish their root system. Afterward, they are relatively drought-tolerant but may still benefit from occasional watering during dry periods.

3. Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of the tree to help retain moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress weed growth. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the trunk to prevent rot.

4. Pruning: Prune poplar trees during their dormant season to remove dead or damaged branches, improve airflow, and shape the tree. Avoid heavy pruning as it can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to diseases.

5. Fertilizing: Poplar trees generally do not require heavy fertilization. However, if the soil lacks essential nutrients, you can apply a slow-release fertilizer in early spring. Consult a professional arborist for specific recommendations.

6. Disease and Pest Control: Keep an eye out for common diseases and pests that can affect poplar trees, such as cankers, leaf spots, and aphids. Implement proper sanitation practices and consider using organic or chemical treatments if necessary.

7. Growth Rate: Poplar trees are known for their fast growth rate, with some varieties capable of reaching heights of 100 feet or more in just a few years. Be prepared for their rapid growth and take necessary precautions to manage their size and shape.

By following these care guidelines, you can promote the health and longevity of your poplar trees and enjoy their beauty and benefits for years to come.

How do you take care of a poplar tree?

Poplar trees are relatively low-maintenance, but they still require some care to ensure their health and longevity. Here are some important tips for taking care of a poplar tree:

Watering Poplar trees generally require regular watering, especially during dry periods. It is important to provide enough water to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. A deep watering once a week is usually sufficient.
Pruning Regular pruning is essential for maintaining the shape and health of a poplar tree. Prune dead or damaged branches, as well as any branches that are crossing or rubbing against each other. It is best to prune during the dormant season to minimize stress on the tree.
Fertilizing Poplar trees benefit from regular fertilization to promote healthy growth. Use a slow-release fertilizer in early spring or late fall, following the manufacturer's instructions. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive growth and weak branches.
Protection Poplar trees are susceptible to certain pests and diseases, so it is important to monitor them regularly. Keep an eye out for signs of insect infestations, such as leaf damage or sticky residue. If necessary, consult a professional arborist for appropriate treatment options.
Mulching Applying a layer of organic mulch around the base of the tree can help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Be sure to leave a small gap between the mulch and the trunk to prevent moisture-related issues.
Support If you have a young or newly planted poplar tree, it may benefit from staking or other forms of support. This can help prevent the tree from getting damaged by strong winds or heavy rains. Make sure to use soft ties and adjust them as the tree grows.

By following these care guidelines, you can ensure that your poplar tree remains healthy and beautiful for years to come.

What are the conditions for poplar trees?

Poplar trees are known for their adaptability and ability to thrive in a variety of conditions. However, there are certain factors that contribute to their growth and development.

Firstly, poplar trees require a lot of sunlight. They are considered to be a sun-loving species and need at least six hours of direct sunlight each day. Lack of sunlight can result in stunted growth and weak branches.

Secondly, poplar trees prefer moist soil. They thrive in areas with high water tables or near bodies of water such as rivers or streams. This is because they have shallow root systems that need constant access to water. In dry or arid regions, it is important to provide regular irrigation to keep the soil moist.

Furthermore, poplar trees can tolerate a wide range of soil types, but they prefer well-draining soil. They can grow in sandy, loamy, or clay soil, as long as it is not overly compacted. Proper drainage is essential to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot and other diseases.

In terms of climate, poplar trees are hardy and can withstand cold temperatures. They are found in a variety of climates, from temperate to subarctic regions. However, they do not thrive in extreme heat, and prolonged periods of high temperatures can cause stress and damage to the tree.

Lastly, poplar trees require adequate space to grow. They are fast-growing trees and can reach heights of up to 100 feet. Therefore, it is important to plant them in an area where they have enough room to spread out and develop without overcrowding other plants or structures.

In conclusion, poplar trees thrive in full sunlight, moist soil with good drainage, and moderate climates. By providing these conditions, you can ensure the healthy growth and development of your poplar trees.

Where do poplar trees grow best?

Poplar trees are versatile and can be found growing in a wide range of environments around the world. However, they thrive best in certain conditions.

Poplar trees prefer temperate climates with plenty of sunlight and access to water. They are commonly found in areas with mild to moderate winters and warm summers. These trees can tolerate a variety of soil types, including clay, loam, and sand, but they prefer well-drained soil.

In terms of altitude, poplar trees can be found at various elevations. They are often found growing near rivers, lakes, and wetlands, as they have a high tolerance for flooding and can withstand periods of waterlogging.

Poplar trees also require sufficient space to grow. They have a fast growth rate and can reach impressive heights, so they need room to spread their branches and roots. This makes them ideal for planting in open spaces, parks, and large gardens.

Overall, poplar trees thrive in areas with a temperate climate, ample sunlight, access to water, and well-drained soil. They are adaptable and can tolerate various conditions, but they are most commonly found near bodies of water and in open spaces.

The Unique Beauty of Poplar Trees: A Visual Journey

The Unique Beauty of Poplar Trees: A Visual Journey

Poplar trees are known for their unique and captivating beauty. With their tall, slender trunks and delicate leaves, they add an enchanting touch to any landscape. Let's take a visual journey through the various aspects that make poplar trees so visually appealing.

First, let's start with their distinctive bark. Poplar trees have smooth, pale gray or greenish-gray bark that often features vertical ridges or furrows. This bark adds a touch of elegance and texture to the tree's overall appearance.

Next, we come to the leaves of the poplar tree. These leaves are typically triangular or heart-shaped, with serrated edges. They are a vibrant green color during the spring and summer months and turn into a stunning golden yellow in the fall. The contrast between the green leaves and the golden hues of autumn creates a breathtaking sight.

One of the most striking features of poplar trees is their height. They can grow to be quite tall, reaching heights of up to 100 feet or more. This towering presence adds a sense of grandeur and majesty to the landscape, making poplar trees a focal point wherever they are planted.

In addition to their height, poplar trees also have a unique branch structure. Their branches grow in an upward and outward fashion, creating a visually pleasing and symmetrical crown. This branch pattern adds to the overall grace and beauty of the tree.

Lastly, let's not forget the poplar tree's graceful swaying in the wind. Due to their flexible trunks and slender branches, poplar trees have a distinctive movement when the wind blows. This gentle swaying motion adds a sense of tranquility and serenity to any outdoor space.

In conclusion, the unique beauty of poplar trees is a sight to behold. From their elegant bark to their vibrant leaves and towering height, these trees leave a lasting impression. Whether you encounter them in a park, a garden, or along a street, the visual journey of poplar trees is truly enchanting.

What is unique about a poplar tree?

A poplar tree, also known as a cottonwood tree, is a deciduous tree that belongs to the genus Populus. It is unique in many ways, including its distinct physical characteristics, ecological importance, and commercial value.

One unique feature of a poplar tree is its rapid growth rate. Poplar trees are known for their ability to grow quickly, often reaching impressive heights within a short period of time. This makes them a popular choice for landscaping and reforestation projects.

Another unique characteristic of poplar trees is their distinctive leaves. Poplar leaves are typically triangular or heart-shaped, with serrated edges. They are often a vibrant green color during the spring and summer months, turning to beautiful shades of yellow or orange in the fall.

tree with pink flower clusters

Poplar trees are also unique in their ecological importance. These trees provide important habitat and food sources for a variety of wildlife, including birds, mammals, and insects. They can also help improve air and water quality, as their extensive root systems can help stabilize soil and filter pollutants.

Furthermore, poplar trees have commercial value due to their versatile wood. Poplar wood is relatively lightweight, making it easy to work with and ideal for a range of applications. It is commonly used in the production of furniture, cabinetry, plywood, and even musical instruments.

In conclusion, poplar trees are unique in their rapid growth rate, distinctive leaves, ecological importance, and commercial value. They are truly remarkable trees that contribute to the beauty of our natural landscapes and provide numerous benefits to both wildlife and humans alike.

What is the poplar tree in mythology?

In mythology, the poplar tree holds significant symbolism and is associated with various gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology, the poplar tree is often associated with the goddess Persephone, who was the queen of the Underworld and the goddess of spring growth.

According to the myth, Persephone was abducted by Hades, the god of the Underworld, while she was picking flowers in a field. Demeter, Persephone's mother and the goddess of agriculture, went into deep grief and caused the earth to become barren. In her sorrow, she wandered the world in search of her daughter.

During her search, Demeter came across a poplar tree that whispered to her, revealing the location of her daughter. The poplar tree's ability to communicate with Demeter made it a sacred tree associated with Persephone and the cycle of life and death.

In Norse mythology, the poplar tree is linked to the goddess Freya, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. The poplar tree was believed to be sacred to Freya and was often associated with love and sensuality.

In addition to its association with specific deities, the poplar tree is also considered a symbol of protection and transformation. It is believed to possess the power to ward off evil spirits and offer protection to those who seek shelter under its branches.

Furthermore, the poplar tree is associated with the concept of renewal and rebirth due to its ability to regenerate quickly. Its leaves and branches are known to grow rapidly, symbolizing the cyclical nature of life and the constant renewal of the natural world.

Mythology Associated Deity
Greek Persephone
Norse Freya

What is the history of the poplar tree?

The poplar tree has a long and storied history that dates back thousands of years. It has been revered and utilized by various civilizations throughout time for its unique characteristics and versatile uses.

One of the earliest mentions of the poplar tree can be found in ancient Egyptian texts, where it was highly regarded for its healing properties. The Egyptians used the resin from the poplar tree to treat various ailments, including inflammation and wounds.

In ancient Greece, the poplar tree held a significant place in mythology. It was believed to be sacred to the goddess Persephone, who was associated with fertility and the underworld. The poplar tree was often planted near temples dedicated to her and was considered a symbol of rebirth and renewal.

During the Roman Empire, the poplar tree gained popularity for its timber. It was used in the construction of buildings, ships, and furniture. The Romans also recognized the medicinal properties of the poplar tree and used its bark and leaves to treat fever and other illnesses.

In medieval Europe, the poplar tree was valued for its fast growth and straight trunk, making it ideal for construction and woodworking. It was commonly used for making furniture, musical instruments, and even shields. Additionally, the poplar tree was associated with the Christian tradition and was often planted near churches and monasteries.

Today, the poplar tree continues to be valued for its many uses. Its wood is still widely used in construction and woodworking, and its fast growth makes it an attractive option for reforestation and landscaping projects. The poplar tree also plays a vital role in the environment, providing habitat for various animals and helping to prevent soil erosion.

Overall, the history of the poplar tree is a testament to its enduring qualities and the significant role it has played in various cultures throughout time.